Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Abstract
Hysteria is one of the diseases that have been known for more than two thousand years, and the research about it led to the emergence of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century. But in the 80s of the 20th century, this disease was removed from the list of mental diseases. The change of the etiology of ...
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Hysteria is one of the diseases that have been known for more than two thousand years, and the research about it led to the emergence of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century. But in the 80s of the 20th century, this disease was removed from the list of mental diseases. The change of the etiology of hysteria should be examined in two parts: pre-modern medicine and clinical medicine. In this article, we examine the etiology of hysteria in pre-modern medicine. The article has three parts: In the first part, the etiology of hysteria - the wandering uterus - in humoral medicine is examined. In the second part, the controversies related to the influence of magic factors in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance in the investigation of the etiology of hysteria are examined. In the final part, the impact of the mechanical attitude ruling the 17th century on the etiology of hysteria will be described by the theory of spirits.
Reza Gholami; Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari; Alireza Monajemi
Abstract
Study the titles of body organs as well as counting them in the anatomical texts of humoural medicine indicates an important issue: in these texts and in comparison with modern anatomical texts, there is no mention of a significant number of body organs. This is while these two different conclusions ...
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Study the titles of body organs as well as counting them in the anatomical texts of humoural medicine indicates an important issue: in these texts and in comparison with modern anatomical texts, there is no mention of a significant number of body organs. This is while these two different conclusions are the result of the observations of the same action: the dissection of the corpse. In addition, some of these organs are visible to the naked eye, including lymphatic vessels. Therefore, the humoural physician has seen some organs in the process of dissection, but has not. According to the authors of this article, the reason for the invisibility of these organs lies in the connection between observation and theory. In short, the observation of the humoural physician's dissection practice, unlike the observation of the modern anatomist dissection practice, has been based on the humoural theory. Hence, the humoural physician, in the process of dissection, has seen organs which have a humoural function. The rest of the body organs were either not seen or reduced to a fleshy appendages.
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Abstract
The spread of Covid 19 disease in early 2020, which quickly became a global epidemic, drastically changed human relationships. The use of quarantine technique to prevent the spread of the disease has sparked much controversy in the areas of public health and social control. It is necessary to be aware ...
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The spread of Covid 19 disease in early 2020, which quickly became a global epidemic, drastically changed human relationships. The use of quarantine technique to prevent the spread of the disease has sparked much controversy in the areas of public health and social control. It is necessary to be aware of these widespread changes and the resulting conflicts, to know the history of the epidemic and its effects in the field of public health and its consequences in changing the political pattern and social control. In this article, we first try to briefly describe the evolution of the concept of pandemics from Greece to the Middle Ages, and show that the dominant method of controlling pandemics was segregation. Then we show how in the fourteenth century the quarantine technique was invented to control epidemics. The invention of this technique was the beginning of the emergence of new knowledge such as statistics and social control. Finally, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, public health became a new object. In fact, urban medicine in the eighteenth century was the continuation and development of the medical-political institution of quarantine in the late Middle Ages, which included the study of places that spread the phenomena of epidemics. In other words, the public health program was introduced as a health regime for the population that required authoritarian medical interventions and controls. .
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari; faeze eskandary
Abstract
Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) ...
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Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) (1098-1138). He was a natural philosopher of the 12th century AD. Ibn Bajjah' s mechanics is built upon two general Aristotelian axioms that emphasize natural motion and Algebraic (Qasri) motion. In this article, the bases of movement by Ibn Bajjah are studied based on the motive factors in the movement of the natural body, ie, "form" and "weight". This review is based on the important theory of "matter and form" and the essential principle of "nature does not work in vain " and was done for the first time
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2017, , Pages 87-104
Abstract
Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, ...
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Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, thus observation is influenced by epistemological, semantic, psychological or sociological factors. However observation is not only of interest to analytic philosophers, but it also has been addressed by continental philosophers. One of these philosophers is Michel Foucault, who in his book the birth of the clinic, describes how human body turns into the object of observation in medicine. He points out that in addition to the factors influencing observation as expressed by analytic philosophers, it should be noted that observation basically is a political act. We use Foucault's views in this regard. Although Foucault referred to this issue in his various works, it can be said that observation is the central theme of the birth of the clinic. The purpose of this article is to reveal this political aspect of observation. We discuss what is exactly mean for observation to be a political act, and why the philosophers of science should consider the political aspect of observations in their studies
Mohsen Donyavi; GholamHossein Moghaddam Heydari
Volume 6, Issue 11 , September 2016, , Pages 37-52
Abstract
Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered ...
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Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered acquiring any knowledge of the unobservable level of the world as impossible. According to van Fraassen, the realistic belief in the (approximate) truth of scientific theories has no epistemic basis; and, in this case, he only allowed belief in the empirical adequacy of these theories. The present assay explains and examines the key elements of constructive empiricism and contrasts it with scientific realism. We will indicate that van Fraassen’s argumentation in rejecting realism and defending his position is not able to provide the necessary and sufficient justifications for the replacement of scientific realism with constructive empiricism
Rahman sharifzadeh; Golamhossein MoghadamHeidari
Volume 5, Issue 9 , September 2015, , Pages 29-51
Abstract
Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere ...
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Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere (domination of human over non-human and domination of non-human over man).
Mohammad Mahdi Sadr Forati; Gholam Hossein Moghadam Heidari
Volume 4, Issue 7 , October 2014, , Pages 157-165
Abstract
Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind ...
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Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind of logic of scientific discovery and the possibility of crucial experiments occurring and through which He wants to rebut the contingency thesis which is a vital characteristic of social constructivism. Although he denies that he is proposing a kind of theory of rationality, such theory is evident throughout his works. In this paper we review and evaluate his claims and are going to measure its soundness compared to the contemporary social constructivism theories.
Gholamhossein Moghadam Heidari
Volume 3, Issue 5 , September 2013, , Pages 73-97
Abstract
Logicism is one of the important schools in philosophy of mathematics which reduce the concepts and propositions of mathematics into the concepts and propositions of logic. Bolzano was the pioneer mathematician who based mathematics on logic, and then Ferege continued this project through propounding ...
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Logicism is one of the important schools in philosophy of mathematics which reduce the concepts and propositions of mathematics into the concepts and propositions of logic. Bolzano was the pioneer mathematician who based mathematics on logic, and then Ferege continued this project through propounding a new version of logic. Ultimately, in the early decades of 20th century, this project was finalized by Russel and Withead. In this paper, I, attempt to review the historical development of logicism from Bolzano to Russel, and then through the examination of strengths and weaknesses of the project, I try to answer to this question: has logicism been satisfactory?
Khashayar Boroomand; Gholam Hossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 2, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 25-36
Abstract
Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. ...
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Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. The dangers of ascendancy of mathematical thinking are discussed; and finally, the differences between Heidegger’s views on mathematics and the prevalent philosophy of mathematics are considered.
Gholam Hossein Moghaddam Heydari; Hamid Reza Ayatollahi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 143-161
Abstract
One of the popular theories of rationality of science is rationality as foundationism according to which rationality of a scientific theory is based on sense data upon which the theory has been constructed. The issue of certain data is, however, followed by many debates. In the present article, appealing ...
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One of the popular theories of rationality of science is rationality as foundationism according to which rationality of a scientific theory is based on sense data upon which the theory has been constructed. The issue of certain data is, however, followed by many debates. In the present article, appealing to Wittgenstein ideas about "certainty", authors present a new understanding of certainties in a scientific theory. According to this new understanding, each and every scientific theory consists of two kinds of propositions: fixed and fluid. Based on this classification of propositions of a scientific theory, a new idea is presented concerning rationality of scientific theories according to which a theory is rational if, firstly it is consistent and, second, it retains fixed propositions of the scientific society and replaces fluid propositions by other proper ones. Presenting historical evidence, the authors try to show that this idea is efficient and realistic if it is assessed according to standards of rationality which are based on evidency of sense data.
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2011, , Pages 105-122
Abstract
Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles ...
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Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy. The following essay describes the principles and methods of Descartes.
